Prof. Dr. Hans Spada, University of Freiburg, Prof. Dr. Peter Reimann, University of Heidelberg, Dr. Andreas Ernst, University of Freiburg

Environmental risk perception: Information processing analysis

Discipline: Psychology

Report (4/96-3/97):

Within the project period three interrelated goals were pursued:

Goal 1: (Spada, Freiburg)

Analysis and Description of Risk Perception: Reception, Representation, and Processing of Information on Environmental Catastrophes

Goal 2: (Reimann, Heidelberg)

Analysis and Description of Active Search for Information about Critical Environmental Changes

Goal 3: (Ernst, Freiburg)

Information search, information dissemination and behavior in a global resource dilemma

Goal 1 and 2 will be continued in a joint follow-up project.

Goal 1: Analysis and Description of Risk Perception: Reception, Representation, and Processing of Information on Environmental Catastrophes

In the mass media, we read constantly about critical global environmental changes. Rising ecological concern often goes hand in hand with vague, superficial knowledge and persistent negative emotions; ecologically responsible behavior, however, is rarely brought about. This discrepancy between attitudes and behavior represents a serious problem. We claim that an improved understanding of the psychological processes mediating between knowledge, attitudes and behavior is a precondition for more effective ecological education and risk communication.

In this part of the project emotional and cognitive mental processes of individuals confronted with risk information are examined. For this goal, we scrutinize the reception of typical newspaper reports. In these reports usually events are described - they take the form of case stories, as our own media analysis of reports on problems concerning the North Sea revealed.

We built a model that describes the emergence of emotions toward ecological risks and spells out the mechanisms involved in acquiring and using stereotypical and schema-like knowledge, knowledge characteristic for lay persons. In addition, the model is in line with the predominant case- and story-based media reporting. The model integrates relevant psychological theories on cognition and emotion. Parts of the model are implemented as a computational system using a parallel constraint satisfaction approach. By means of this model, we were able to explain several empirical findings. Some of the assumptions were tested in our own experimental work.

In the subsequent project period, the model will be further developed, fully implemented and tested in experimental studies. To prove the ecological validity of our approach, we will record the reception of a typical (media-) event with our instruments and compare the results with respective predictions of the model.

Goal 2: Analysis and Description of Active Search for Information about Critical Environmental Changes

The assessment of risks connected with global environmental changes or disastrous environmental events is marked by high uncertainty among lay people. This can be explained in part by the fact that mass media reports are the only source of information available to the lay person. We pursue the hypothesis that an adequate evaluation and classification of reports on ecological risks can be facilitated by providing an easier and more direct access to relevant background information and to a broader spectrum of comparable earlier reports.

For this purpose we started developing the technical basis for the examination of this hypothesis. We created the hypertext-based information system `NorthSea` that allows an easy and active search for informations on sea pollution and can be used as an instrument for collecting data. In addition, we developed a computer-based editor (ArgTool) for constructing and collecting arguments, a knowledge test on sea pollution and a questionnaire on the emotional evaluation of certain ecological risks. We then carried out empirical investigations in which the possibility of active search for information in NorthSea is varied while the informational content was kept constant. Experimentally, this was realized through a yoked-control design, assigning to each person of the active-search group members of the passive group who received the same information but did not have the possibility to search actively. Preliminary analyses of the data show the following effects: The active search for information results in a richer and more differentiated structures of argumentation, in a reduction of subjectively experienced uncertainty and in a slight reduction of negative emotions (anger, sorrow). Opinion changes, however, seem to be rather rare even in the active search condition.

In the subsequent project period, the search processes themselves will be analysed. What causes persons to search for information? How do certain induced goals affect search behavior? Which relations exist between search intention, search behavior, acquisition of knowledge and emotional evaluations? In addition, we aim at transferring the entire experimental setting in an ecologically more valid context in which all instruments are made available and experimentally deployable in the WWW.

Goal 3: Information search, information dissemination and behavior in a global resource dilemma

In the third component of the project, the relationship between information and behavior in a simulated resource problem is tackled. The so-called information dilemma is introduced: Fair users of a resource have to gather information about the others` resource use at their own costs. This enables them to monitor resource use and to sanction overusers. We could show that a social dilemma exists for the fair users. For each of them, it is cheaper not to gather information. However, all would be better off if information was gathered and the overusers sanctioned.

The conditions for the information dilemma can be defined in game theoretical terms. It is thus possible to deduce predictions for the cooperation in the dilemma from the price of the information. 72 subjects read scenarios with different dilemma situations. The cost of information was varied within each scenario. The empirical data show that subjects recognize the dilemma and behave quite rationally, i.e. that the cost structure of the scenario plays a central role in predicting behavior. Measures of social orientation contribute a moderate portion to the prediction of cooperation.

Besides the theoretical analysis and the empirical investigation, a computerized experimental game (`INDIGA`) was developed. It will serve as a data gathering tool as well as a simulation tool in the further empirical work of the project.

Within the framework of the priority program, an interdisciplinary follow-up project has been granted that includes participants from psychology (Ernst), economy (Mohr), and ethnology (Seitz). It will deal with quick, irreversible resource breakdowns and their relationship to breakdowns in cooperation. From a psychological point of view, information about resource use will play an important role.

Documentation:

Publications:

Ernst, A.M. (in press). Ökologisch-soziale Dilemmata. Weinheim: Psychologie Verlags Union.
Ernst, A.M., Franz, V. & Kneser, C. (1996). Das Informationsdilemma Theorie und empirische Umsetzung (Forschungsbericht Nr. 125). Freiburg: Psychologisches Institut der Universität.
Nerb, J., Spada H. , Ernst A. M. (1997). A Cognitive Model of Agents in a Commons Dilemma. In Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Stanford, CA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Nerb, J., Spada H. & Wichmann, S. (1997). Information und Wissen über Umweltprobleme. In H. Gruber & A. Renkl (Hrsg.) Wege zum Können. (pp. 91-104) Bern: Huber.
Bosnjak, M., Reimann, P. & Wichmann, S. (in Druck). Ein integriertes Umweltinformations- und kognitionspsychologisches Diagnosesystem für das World-Wide-Web. Tagungsband "Computer und World-Wide-Web". Freiburg: Universität.

Selected Presentations and Talks:

Ernst, A. M. (1996). Resource dilemmas, computer simulated actors and climate change - A methodology to investigate human behavior in a complex domain. 13th International Conference on Case Method Research and Case Method Application" (WACRA), Munich, 6/96.
Ernst, A. M., Franz, V., Kneser, C. (1996). Das Informationsdilemma: Der Umgang mit Betrug bei der Nutzung natürlicher Ressourcen. 40. Kongreß der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie, Munich, 9/96.
Nerb, J., & Spada H. (1996). Die Wahrnehmung von Umweltrisiken: Die Rolle analoger Fälle. 40. Kongreß der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie, Munich, 9/96.
Wichmann, S., Reimann, P., Neth, H. (1996). Verbesserung von Risikobewertungen durch aktive Informationssuche. 40. Kongreß der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie, Munich, 9/96.
The project participates at the interdisciplinary task force "Risk Perception and Information Processing " of the SPP.

Products:

A collection and categorization of newspaper reports published within the last ten year in a daily local paper
NordSee (information system about sea pollution)
ArgTool (a computer-based editor for constructing and collecting arguments)
Indiga (a computer-based experimental simulation game)

People:

Dipl.-Psych. Volker Franz (BAT IIa/2 since 12/95)
Dipl.-Psych. Josef Nerb (BAT IIa/2 since 4/95)
Dr. Stefan Wichmann (BAT IIa/2 since 4/95)

Address (Freiburg):

Department of Psychology
University of Freiburg
D-79085 Freiburg
Tel.: +49-(0)761-203-2487 (-2489, Secr.)
Fax: +49-(0)761-203-2496
e-mail: <surname>@psychologie.uni-freiburg.de

Address (Heidelberg):

Department of Psychology
University of Heidelberg
Haupstr. 47-51
D-69117 Heidelberg
Tel.: +49-(0)6221 54-7355
Fax: +49-(0)6221 54-7326
e-mail: preimann@psi-sv1.psi.uni-heidelberg.de

Prof. Dr. Hans Spada (1), Prof. Dr. Peter Reimann (2), University of Freiburg (1) and University of Heidelberg (2)

Environmental Risk Perception: Information Processing Analysis

Scientific Discipline: Psychology

Project Overview (4/95-3/98)

Goal 1 (Freiburg): Risk Perception: Reception, Representation, and Processing of Information on Environmental Accidents

Reports about environmental issues are frequently found in the mass media. However, rising ecological concern often goes hand in hand with vague, superficial knowledge and persistent negative emotions and ecologically responsible behavior is rarely brought about. This discrepancy between attitude and behavior represents a serious problem. We claim that for a more effective ecological education and risk communication, an improved understanding of the psychological processes are necessary.

In this part of the project, cognitive and emotional reactions of individuals confronted with ecological information are examined by scrutinizing the reception of typical newspaper reports.

As was revealed by our media analysis of reports on North Sea problems, these reports are most often short, specific, and highly vivid descriptions of single events.

A theory was formulated, that tries to explain the cognitive and emotional evaluation of such events. We hypothesize, that characteristics of the damage`s causation are determining the cognitive appraisal and the emergence of the emotions anger and sadness and we postulate an intuitive, spontaneous and schematic appraisal process that entails a coherent impression about such situations. In order to integrate and specify these and other relevant assumptions, the computer model ITERA (Intuitive Thinking in Environmental Risk Appraisal) was implemented using a constraint satisfaction network.

The model has been validated in several empirical studies in which subjects were presented fictitious , but realistic newspaper reports, each containing different information on environmental damages and the circumstances of their causation. It could be shown that the experimental manipulation of the circumstances that led to the damage brought about cognitive and emotional appraisals largely consistent with the predictions of ITERA. The empirically examined variables were the extent of the damage, the actor`s control, and the motives and knowledge about the riskiness of his action. The model ITERA and the empirical findings help to explain the gap between high ecological concerns combined with great discontent with ecological problems on the one side and little tendency to change ecologically harmful behavior on the other side: The reports on environmental damages produce anger and sadness; the former is directed against the actor, the latter not only refers to the victims but also is an expression of regret for the seeming inevitableness of those negative incidents. In addition, we found that reports in which the actor was highly responsible for the negative event were rated particularly typical, suggesting a biased media coverage.

An analysis of the reports on ecological damages published by a local daily paper since 1990 revealed that a major part of these newspaper articles contained exactly those patterns of information for which our model predicts anger.

Prospect

In subsequent model versions and in further empirical studies, memory effects within the context of information reception will be examined. We want to explore the exchange of opinions in groups as well as intercultural differences in the appraisal of ecological accidents. In addition, we intend to conduct research about the effects of risk communication strategies after environmental damages (such as justifications or confession of wrongdoing) in order to deduce recommendations for risk communication.

Goal 2: (Heidelberg): Analysis and description of active search for information concerning the topic of environmental risks

Novices typically display a high level of uncertainty and little coherence in knowledge, if asked to evaluate risks regarding global environmental changes and environmental disasters. One reason for this finding is that novices directly or indirectly use mass media (newspaper, television) as their main information base. This information is often episodic in nature, presents news without giving a contextual overview about past events, and contains little background data about ecological scientific knowledge. In addition to these contextual aspects of information design traditional mass media tends to include only passive information reception.

In the second project phase we assessed the degree to which judgment and categorization of environmental risks became easier as novices obtained access to background information and to a broad range of news about similar events in the past. We developed a prototypical hypertext based information system which allowed subjects to conduct a goal directed and active search for background information (similar to a search in the World-Wide-Web). This system provided access to a structured collection of newspaper articles about critical environmental risk incidents in the North Sea area. In laboratory experiments we investigated, whether or not subjects with access to the hypertext system displayed better results in a scientific debate than novices with only passive access to information (i.e. without the possibility of actively controlling the information process and content).

Results of the first experiment indicate that active processing within the environmental information system supports a more adequate judgment of subjects` own knowledge. It also enhances their self-confidence when presenting the arguments. Subjects using passive informationsystems generated more arguments than subjects using active strategies. However, the arguments of the passive group were not better in terms of quality than the arguments of the active group. These findings can be explained by the higher cognitive demands for the active group: subjects presented with preselected information were able to focus their attention almost exclusively on context related issues, whereas subjects actively dealing with unstructured information were confronted with higher cognitive demands and needed to organize and plan their own information paths and follow through in using them.

In a second experiment we assessed how the design of different learning environments for the same topic effects aspects of knowledge acquisition. We developed three different learning programs: a goal-based scenario, a tutorial and a condition with an introduction to "edblbase;critical thinking" with the subsequent opportunity for exercising. The hypertext based information resource from the first experiment was integrated into each of these learning environments. Results indicate that a goal-based situational learning environment outperforms the other learning environments regarding subjects` motivation and their acquisition of contextual knowledge.

We are presently conducting an experiment with the purpose of investigating whether the use of computerized argumentation tools can further the accuracy of argumentation competence on environmental themes. Using the argument editor "esinglbase;ArgTool` which we developed in the first project phase, we expect to find similar accuracy of argumentation competence one would expect by inducing a situation with public audience (see also Kunda, 1990).

For a further project phase we are planning to expand our individual-centered approach to include collaborative elements. Furthermore, there will be an increased emphasis on incorporating educational questions on environmental issues.

Documentation

Publications:

Nerb, J., Spada H. , Ernst A. M. (1997). A Cognitive Model of Agents in a Commons Dilemma. In Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Stanford, CA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Nerb, J., Spada H. & Wichmann, S. (1997). Information und Wissen über Umweltprobleme. In H. Gruber & A. Renkl (Hrsg.) Wege zum Können. (pp. 91-104) Bern: Huber.

Nerb, J., Spada, H. & Wahl, S.. Kognition und Emotion bei der Bewertung von Umweltschadensfällen: Modellierung und Empirie. Zeitschrift für experimentelle Psychologie, Jg.45, Heft 4/1998, pp.251-269.

Nerb, J. & Spada H. (1997). The role of controllability of the cause in cognitive and emotional evaluation of an environmental risk. In K. Alef, J. Brandt, H. Fiedler, W. Hauthal, O. Hutzinger, D. Mackay, M. Matthies, K. Morgan, L.Newland, H.Robitaille, M. Schlummer, G. Schüürmann & K. Voigt. Information and Communication in Environmental and Health Issues (pp. 161-166). Bayreuth: Eco-Informa Press

Reimann, P., Bosnjak, M. & Zumbach, J. (in prep.). Auswirkungen der aktiven Informationssuche in einem hypertextbasierten Umweltinformationssystem auf den Wissenserwerb und das Argumentationsverhalten.

Reimann, P., Bosnjak, M. & Zumbach, J. (in prep.). Umweltbezogene Lehr-Lern-Szenarien im World-Wide-Web.

Papers at Conferences:

Bosnjak, M., Reimann, P., & Wichmann, S. (1997). Ein integriertes Umweltinformations- und kognitionspsychologisches Diagnosesystem für das World-Wide-Web. In D. Janetzko, B. Batinic, D. Schoder, M. Mattingley-Scott & G. Strube (Hrsg.), CAW-97. Beitäge zum Workshop "Cognition & Web" in Freiburg, 25.-27. April 1997 (S. 1-15). Freiburg: IIG-Berichte.

Nerb, J., & Spada H. (1996). Die Wahrnehmung von Umweltrisiken: Die Rolle analoger Fälle. 40. Kongreß der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie, München, 9/96.

Nerb, J. (1997). Kognitive und emotionale Bewertung von Umweltrisiken: Determinanten und Mechanismen. 19. Tagung der Experimentell arbeitenden Psychologen (TEAP), Humboldt Universität zu Berlin.

Nerb, J., & Spada H. (1998). Ein Parallel-constraint-satisfaction--Modell der Bewertung von Umweltschadensfällen, 20. Tagung der Experimentell arbeitenden Psychologen (TEAP), Universität Marburg.

Reimann, P. & Bosnjak, M. (1998/June). Supporting Hypertext-based Argumentation Skills. Short Paper for ED-Media / ED-Telecom 98, Freiburg / Germany [ Paper accepted on Jan 20th, 1998; Session # 892; Best Paper Award 98 received on Feb 20th 1998]

Zumbach, J., Bosnjak. M. & Reimann, P. (1998). Hypertexte als Lernumgebung. Motivation und Wissenserwerb in hypertextbasierten umweltpädagogischen Lernumgebungen. In W.-F. Riekert & K. Tochtermann (Hrsg.), Hypermedia im Umweltschutz- Ulm 1998. Marburg: Metropolis.

Wichmann, S., Reimann, P., Neth, H. (1996). Verbesserung von Risikobewertungen durch aktive Informationssuche. 40. Kongreß der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie, München, 9/96.

Selected Presentations and Talks:

Spada H. & Nerb, J. (1997). Ein Modell der kognitiven und emotionalen Bewertung von Umweltrisiken. 3. Kolloquium des DFG-Schwerpunktprogramms "edblbase;Mensch und globale Umweltveränderungen", Ministerium für Umwelt und Verkehr Baden-Württemberg.

Spada H. & Nerb, J. (1997). Die kognitive und emotionale Bewertung von Umweltrisiken. Humboldt Universität zu Berlin.

Spada H. (1998). Die spontane, schematische Bewertung von Umweltrisiken. Universität Basel.

Spada H. & Nerb, J. (1998). Coherent and schematic judgements on environmental risk: model and data. Max-Planck Institut für Bildungsforschung, Berlin.

Spada H. (1998). Mensch und globale Umweltveränderungen: Information zur Forschungslandschaft in Deutschland und Bericht über ein psychologisches Projekt zur Bewertung von Umweltrisiken. Geographisches Kolloquium der Universität Freiburg.

Products:

A database of newspaper articles about maritime accidents

NordSee II: a WWW-based information system about sea pollution

A hypermedia supported goal-based scenario

A training program in "edblbase;critical thinking" in the domain of environmental problems

A computer-based tutorial about maritime pollution

ITERA: A computational model of cognitive and emotional evaluation of environmental accidents

Staff Members:

Dipl.-Psych. Michael BosnjakDipl.-Psych. Josef NerbDr. Stefan Wahl

Cand.psych. Susanne FringsCand.psych. Fabian HermannCand.psych. Jörg Zumbac

Thematic Work Group:

Risk Perception and Information Processing

Project Address:

-----------------------------------------------------------
Pychologisches Institut der   Psychologisches Institut der   
Universität Freiburg          Universität Heidelberg         
Abt. Allgemeine Psychologie   Hauptstr. 47-51                
Niemensstr. 10                69117 Heidelberg               
79085 Freiburg                Tel.: 06221-54-7355            
Fax: 0761 / 203-2496          Fax.: 06221-54-7326            
e-mail: <nachname>@psy        e-mail: peter.rei              
chologie.uni-freiburg.de      mann@urz.uni-heidel            
                              berg.de                        
                                                             
-----------------------------------------------------------

Project Overview (6/98 - 8/2001):

The model has been validated in several empirical studies in which subjects were presented fictitious, but realistic newspaper reports, each containing different information on environmental damages and the circumstances of their causation. It could be shown that the experimental manipulation of the circumstances that led to the damage brought about cognitive and emotional appraisals largely consistent with the predictions of ITERA. The empirically examined variables were the actor's control, his motives and his knowledge about the riskiness of his action. The model ITERA and the empirical findings help to explain the gap between high ecological concerns combined with great discontent with ecological problems on the one side and little tendency to change ecologically harmful behavior on the other side: The reports on environmental damages produce anger and sadness; anger is directed against the actor, sadness not only refers to the victims but also is an expression of regret for the seeming inevitableness of those negative incidents. In addition, we found that reports in which the actor was highly responsible for the negative event were rated particularly typical, suggesting a biased media coverage. Our analysis of the reports on ecological damages published by a local daily paper since 1990 revealed that a major part of these newspaper articles contained exactly those patterns of information for which our model predicts anger.

The ITERA model is a valid approach to the modeling of potential reactions to single newspaper reports on environmental damages. However, very often the audience learns about environmental problems in a sequential, piece by piece fashion. First reports are completed and sometimes corrected by further coverage. Thus, information about the causation´s circumstances becomes known only in the course of the inquiries. The availability of more detailed information can release a reappraisal of the event. Yet, adjusting the appraisal of an event to the particular state of information can lead to systematic distortions in constructing and reconstructing judgments. An example is the so called Hindsight Bias which implies the overestimation of the predictability of an event after learning about its outcome. In a series of experiments we studied how schematic assumptions of the causation of environmental damages affect the construction and reconstruction of judgments concerning an actual incident. The results show that the gain in information and the associated reappraisal of an incident after learning about its causation comes along with distortions of judgment and remembrance in terms of a Hindsight Bias only if the additional information corresponds with general schematic assumptions of the responsibility for such incidents. On certain conditions, even contrast effects could be observed after the disclosure of schema-inconsistent information. Based on the model ITERA, we developed the extension HIBERIA (Hindsight Bias in Environmental Risk Appraisal) integrating schematic assumptions, current and previously presented information. HIBERIA therefore covers the empirically observed hindsight effects in the appraisal of environmental risks.

Altogether, the results suggest that the assignment of responsibility as well as angry reactions can serve as coping strategy. Thus, the assignment of blame for a threatening situation to the responsible actor evokes a feeling of control of similar incidents in the future. We tested this assumption in a cross-cultural study. This experiment involving German and Tongan subjects revealed a strong tendency to appraise the depicted environmental problem as anthropogenic. This tendency is typical for members of western industrialized societies (Nerb, 2000). For the Tongan sample these results came unexpected because a former study in a thematically related field suggested that Tongan subjects have the opposite tendency, namely to appraise environmental problems as naturally caused, and to use wishful thinking as preferred coping strategy (Bender, under review).

Prospects:

Project Documentation:

Selected Publications:

Lay, K. (2000). Urteils- und Gedächtnisverzerrungen bei der Bewertung von Umweltschadensfällen. Unveröffentlichte Dissertation: Universität Freiburg i. Br.

Nerb, J. (2000). Die Bewertung von Umweltschäden: Kognitive und emotionale Folgen von Medienmeldungen. Bern: Huber.

Nerb, J., Bender, A. & Spada, H. (in press). Attributed causes of environmental problems - Cross- cultural studies of coping strategies. In M. Casimir & U. Stahl (Eds.), Culture and the changing environment: Uncertainty, cognition, and risk management in cross-cultural perspective. Oxford: Berghahn.

Nerb, J. & Spada, H. (in press). Evaluation of environmental problems: A coherence model of cognition and emotion. Cognition & Emotion.

Nerb, J., Spada, H. & Lay, K. (under review). Environmental risk in the media: Modeling the reactions of the audience. In G. Böhm, T. McDaniels, J. Nerb & H. Spada (Eds.), Environmental risks: Cognition, emotion, ethics, and decisions.

Nerb, J., Spada, H. & Wahl, S. (1998). Kognition und Emotion bei der Bewertung von Umweltschadensfällen: Modellierung und Empirie. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie, 45, 251- 269.

Spada, H. (2000). Mensch und Umwelt. Bewusstsein und Verhalten. In U. Müller (Hrsg.), Umwelt und Verkehr. Anstöße - vor Ort (S. 148-162). Stuttgart: Ministerium für Umwelt und Verkehr Baden- Würtemberg. Ebenso in: Oekoskop, 2, 19--24.

Wahl, S., Frings, S., Hermann, F., Nerb, J. & Spada, H. (in Druck). So ein Ärger! - Die Rezeption von Zeitungsmeldungen über Umweltprobleme. Medienpsychologie.

Selected Papers at Conferences, Presentations and Talks:

Lay, K., Nerb, J. & Spada, H. (2000). Die Bewertung von Umweltrisiken in der Rückschau: Modellierung und Empirie. 42. Kongreß der DGPs. Lengerich: Pabst (Abstractdiskette).

Lay, K. & Spada, H. (2000). Hindsight judgments of environmental accidents. 108. Convention of the American Psychological Association APA.

Nerb, J. (1999). Who is to blame? The public reactions towards media reports about environmental accidents. In Annual Meeting of the Society of Risk Analysis (SRA), Atlanta (5.-8.12.), S. 91.

Nerb, J., & Spada H. (1998). Ein Parallel-constraint-satisfaction--Modell der Bewertung von Umweltschadensfällen. 20. Tagung der Experimentell arbeitenden Psychologen (TEAP), Universität Marburg.

Nerb, J. & Spada, H. (1998). What are the psychological effects of ecological information in the daily newspaper? In P. Hubert (Hrsg.), Proceedings of the 8th Conference of the Society for Risk Analysis - Europe, Paris (11.-14.10.), S. 867.

Nerb, J. & Spada, H. (1998). A coherence model of cognition and emotion: Theoretical thoughts and empirical validation. In Proceedings of the British Psychological Society, Vol. 7(1), 1999, Bristol (2.-4.9.), S. 44.

Nerb, J. & Spada, H. (1998). Die Bewertung von Umweltschadensfällen: Ein Simulationsmodell und Validierungsstudien. In W. Hacker (Hrsg.), 41. Kongreß der DGPs, Dresden (27.9.-1.10.), S. 77.

Nerb, J. & Spada, H. (1998). Ein Parallel-constraint-satisfaction-Modell der Bewertung von Umweltschadensfällen. In H. Lachnitt, A. Jacobs & F. Rösler (Hrsg.), 40. TEAP, Universität Marburg (6.-9.4.), S. 242.

Pfeiffer, T., Manz, S. & Nerb, J. (2000). Kohärenzeffekte kognitiver und emotionaler Bewertung von Umweltschadensfällen im Rekognitionsurteil. In D. Vorberg et al. (Hrsg.), Experimentelle Psychologie. Lengerich: Pabst, 42. TEAP (3.-6.4.), TU Braunschweig, S. 179.

Products:

Project Members:

Cand. Psych. Susanne Frings (4/98 - 7/00)

Miriam Tonne (11/99 - 9/00)

Arno Schneider (5/00 - 9/00)

Cooperation: Dipl. Psych. Katja Lay (Scholar of the Graduate Program Human and Machine Intelligence)

Working Group / Task Force:

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